Resveratrol Ameliorates Cardiac Remodeling in a Murine Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection FractionĪuthors: L Zhang, J Chen, L Yan, Q He, H Xie, M Chenįrontiers in Pharmacology, 2021 12(0):646240.Ī Human Cellular Model for Colorectal Anastomotic Repair: The Effect of Localization and Transforming Growth Factor-&beta1 Treatment on Collagen Deposition and BiomarkersĪuthors: C Türlü, N Willumsen, D Marando, P Schjerling, E Biskup, J Hannibal, LN Jorgensen, MS Ågren Resistance to BET inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma is mediated by casein kinase phosphorylation of BRD4Īuthors: J Calder, A Nagelberg, J Luu, D Lu, WW LockwoodĪortic carboxypeptidase-like protein regulates vascular adventitial progenitor and fibroblast differentiation through myocardin related transcription factor AĪuthors: D Wang, N Rabhi, SF Yet, SR Farmer, MD Layne Nuclear Syndecan-1 Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Tumor CellsĪuthors: A Kumar-Sing, MM Parniewska, N Giotopoulo, J Javadi, W Sun, T Szatmári, K Dobra, A Hjerpe, J FuxeĪ novel antibody for the detection of alternatively spliced secreted KLOTHO isoform in human plasmaĪuthors: S Jadhav, S Tripathi, A Chandrekar, SS Waikar, LL HsiaoĪstrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles promote synapse formation via fibulin-2-mediated TGF-&beta signalingĪMPK-mediated phosphorylation on 53BP1 promotes c-NHEJĪuthors: Y Jiang, Y Dong, Y Luo, S Jiang, FL Meng, M Tan, J Li, Y Zang Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF‑ beta RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad‑independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF‑ beta in different contexts (11). This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription (3, 11, 12).
This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF‑ beta RI (also called activin receptor‑like kinase (ALK) ‑5), or alternatively, ALK‑1. TGF‑ beta 1 signaling begins with high‑affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF‑ beta RII.
It demonstrates cross‑species activity (1). Mature human TGF‑ beta 1 shares 100% aa identity with pig, dog and cow TGF‑ beta 1, and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF‑ beta 1. TGF‑ beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins (10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF‑ beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). Disulfide‑linked homodimers of LAP and TGF‑ beta 1 remain non‑covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF‑ beta 1 complex (8‑10). A furin‑like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N‑terminal 249 aa latency‑associated peptide (LAP) and a C‑terminal 112 aa mature TGF‑ beta 1 (8, 9). Human TGF‑ beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein (8). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non‑redundant functions for TGF-beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation (2). TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1‑4). TGF-beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure (1‑7).
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